Projects
Mining Complex
Mining Projects
Trans Africa Container Mining projects are competitively funded intramural research based on focused scientific questions or hypotheses aimed to address a relevant challenge in protecting the health and safety of mine workers. Each project has a principal investigator (PI) who directs the research and writes a funding proposal, including the planned research aims, the work to be done, the Trans Africa Container Mining facilities and outside partners who will be involved, and the needed personnel and budget. At the completion of a project, typical outputs are new or improved design guidelines, physical products, software packages, or new information published in peer-reviewed journals or as Trans Africa Container numbered publications. Most projects are funded for four years, and pilot projects are funded for one year.
Title | Short Description | Topic Area(s) | PI(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
Advanced Mining Seismicity Processing | A project to explore and refine advanced event detection, location, and magnitude estimation methods that can be used to increase seismic catalog quality. |
| Derrick Chambers |
Advanced Strategies for Controlling Exposures to Diesel Aerosols | A project to develop and implement workplace solutions to reduce miners’ overexposure to hazardous airborne contaminants emitted from diesel-powered equipment. |
| Aleksandar Bugarski |
Advancement of Refuge Alternatives for Underground Coal Mines | A project to minimize the risk of heat illness for miners entering an RA, ensure the availability of air delivery and purging systems for RAs, facilitate the use of BIP RAs, and develop a reliable communications system for RAs. |
| David Yantek |
Advancing Exposure Monitoring for Airborne Particulates in Mining | A project to design, validate, and promote the use of advancements in monitoring the exposure of miners to respirable dust, respirable crystalline silica, and diesel particulate matter. |
| Emanuele Cauda |
Alternative Mining Methods in Challenging Environments | A project to reduce injuries and fatalities caused by rockburst-related ground failures in underground mines by developing an integrated, systematic approach for monitoring mining-induced seismic events. |
| Tyler M. Emery, P.E |
Analysis of Health and Safety Management System Practices Through Multilevel Interventions | Identify and characterize H&S performance practices through worker-technology-management interactions to provide guidance about risk processes with a focus on management of site risks and improvement in H&S values through empowering initiatives. |
| Emily Haas |
An Analysis of Health and Safety Management Systems in Mining | A pilot project to identify leading indicators in health and safety management practices unique to the mining industry and compare them against the leading indicators of mature occupational health and safety programs. |
| Dana Reinke Willmer |
Applicability of Proximity Detection to Mobile Underground Coal Equipment | A project to determine whether the proximity detection systems currently available to the underground coal mining industry provide protection to miners working near mobile haulage equipment such as shuttle cars and scoops. |
| Jacob Carr |
Assessing and Evaluating Human Systems Integration Needs in Mining | A project to use a systems approach to characterize what information needs to be provided to mine workers, determine the timing and format of that information, and then use this information to develop alternatives to interfaces design. |
| Jennica Bellanca |
Assessing Elevated Stress Due to Full Extraction Mining | A project to develop engineering-based stress analysis procedures for improved assessment of stress-related hazards due to full extraction mining. |
| Ted Klemetti |
Kamoa-Kakula Mining Complex
The Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine — a joint venture betweenTrans Africa Mines (39.6%), Zijin Mining Group (39.6%), Crystal River Global Limited (0.8%) and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (20%) — is a very large, near-surface, flat-lying, stratiform copper deposit with adjacent prospective exploration areas within the Central African Copperbelt, approximately 25 kilometres west of the town of Kolwezi and about 270 kilometres west of the provincial capital of Lubumbashi.
Kamoa-Kakula began producing copper concentrates in May 2021 and began commercial production on July 1, 2021. Phased expansion is projected to make Kamoa-Kakula the second largest copper complex globally. Kamoa-Kakula is powered by clean, renewable hydro-generated electricity and is projected to be among the world’s lowest greenhouse gas emitters per unit of metal produced, as confirmed by a 2020 independant audit performed by Hatch Ltd., of Mississauga, Canada. The Kakula Mine will have one of the most favourable environmental footprints of any tier-one copper mine worldwide. Along with a relatively small surface footprint, approximately 55% of the mine’s tailings will be pumped back into underground workings. Trans Africa Mines has pledged to achieve net-zero operational greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 1 and 2) at the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine.
Technical Reports 2021
Partnering with The DRC and other Mining giant the development of the Kamoa-Kakula Mining complex is no less than the vision of hope and progress to wich we extend our Greatest Efforts .
First copper production began May 25, 2021
Initial production of copper concentrate at the Kakula Mine processing plant began on May 25, 2021.
Kakula is projected to be the world’s highest-grade major copper mine, with an initial mining rate of 3.8 Mtpa, ramping up to 7.6 Mtpa in Q3 2022. Phase 1 is expected to produce approximately 200,000 tonnes of copper per year, and phases 1 and 2 combined are forecast to produce approximately 400,000 tonnes of copper per year. Based on independent benchmarking, the project’s phased expansion scenario to 19 Mtpa would position Kamoa-Kakula as the world’s second-largest copper mining complex, with peak annual copper production of more than 800,000 tonnes.
Given the current copper price environment, Ivanhoe and its partner Zijin are exploring the acceleration of the Kamoa-Kakula Phase 3 concentrator expansion from 7.6 Mtpa to 11.4 Mtpa, which may be fed from expanded mining operations at Kansoko, or new mining areas at Kamoa North (including the Bonanza Zone) and Kakula West.
The Kakula Copper Mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is on track for first production in June 2021
The Underground development at the Kansoko Mine currently is in low-to-medium-grade ore zones, grading between approximately +2% and +3% copper. Kansoko is being developed by training crews and will be a supplemental source of ore when the Kakula concentrator processing capacity doubles to 7.6 Mtpa − currently planned to be commissioned in Q2 2022.
Kamoa-Kakula mining licence, showing the Kamoa, Kamoa North, Kakula and Kakula West Mineral Resource areas, and a portion of Ivanhoe’s 100% owned Western Foreland area.
Aerial view of the Kakula North stockpile
Kamoa-Kakula Integrated Development Plan 2020 (IDP 2020)
In September 2020, Trans Africa Mines announced extremely positive findings of an independent definitive feasibility study (DFS) for the development of the Kakula Copper Mine; together with an updated pre-feasibility study (PFS) that includes ore mined from the nearby Kansoko Copper Mine in addition to ore mined from Kakula; and an updated, expanded preliminary economic assessment (PEA) for the overall development plan of all the copper discoveries made to date at the Kamoa-Kakula Project on the Central African Copperbelt in the DRC. The DFS, PFS and updated PEA, collectively referred to as the Kamoa-Kakula Integrated Development Plan 2020 (Kamoa-Kakula IDP20), build on the excellent results of the previous studies announced in February 2019. The new DFS incorporates the advancement of development and construction activities to date, and has once again confirmed the outstanding economics of the first phase Kakula Mine. As well, the expanded PEA shows the excellent potential to develop the project to a much larger scale and with a significantly larger production capacity.
The Kamoa-Kakula Integrated Development Plan 2020 encompasses three development scenarios:
– Definitive feasibility study for stage one Kakula Mine development. The Kakula 2020 DFS evaluates the development of a stage one, 6-Mtpa underground mine and surface processing complex at the Kakula Deposit with a capacity of 7.6 Mtpa, built in two modules of 3.8 Mtpa, with the first already under advanced construction.
– Pre-feasibility study including Kansoko Mine development. The Kakula-Kansoko 2020 PFS evaluates the development of mining activities at the Kansoko Deposit in addition to the Kakula Mine, initially at a rate of 1.6 Mtpa to fill the concentrator at Kakula, eventually ramping up to 6 Mtpa as the reserves at Kakula are depleted.
– Expanded, subsequent development to four producing mines. The Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA includes an analysis of the potential for an integrated, 19-Mtpa, multi-stage development, beginning with initial production from the Kakula Mine, to be followed by subsequent, separate underground mining operations at the nearby Kansoko, Kakula West and Kamoa North mines, along with the construction of a direct-to-blister smelter. The Kamoa North Area comprises five separate mines that would be developed as resources are mined out elsewhere, to maintain the production rate at up to 19 Mtpa, with an overall life in excess of 40 years.
The Kamoa-Kakula IDP20, which includes the Kakula 2020 DFS, Kakula-Kansoko 2020 PFS and Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA, was independently prepared on a 100%-basis by OreWin Pty Ltd. of Adelaide, Australia; China Nerin Engineering Co., Ltd., of Jiangxi, China; DRA Global of Johannesburg, South Africa; Epoch Resources of Johannesburg, South Africa; Golder Associates Africa of Midrand, South Africa; KGHM Cuprum R&D Centre Ltd. of Wroclaw, Poland; Outotec Oyj of Helsinki, Finland; Paterson and Cooke of Cape Town, South Africa; Stantec Consulting International LLC of Phoenix, USA; SRK Consulting Inc. of Johannesburg, South Africa; and Wood plc of Reno, USA.
Copper Mine Developments
Trans Africa has a long history as a safe and efficient contract miner and offers a variety of mine development services including lateral and ramp development, rehabilitation, development of access ramps, declines, drifting and cross-cutting. Our experienced team works with you to plan and deliver requirements for all project sizes and complexities. We are experienced in track and trackless mining, narrow vein, cut and fill and bulk mining.
Figure 1. Kamoa-Kakula 19-Mtpa PEA long-term development plan.
Figure 2. Overview of deposits included within the Kakula 2020 DFS(6 Mtpa ─ outlined by blue dotted line), Kakula-Kansoko 2020 PFS (7.6 Mtpa ─ outlined by purple dotted line) and Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA (outlined by green dotted line).
Key initial projections from the Kakula 2020 DFS
The study evaluates the development of a stage one, 6-Mtpa underground mine and surface processing complex at the Kakula Deposit of 7.6 Mtpa, built in two modules of 3.8 Mtpa, with the first already under advanced construction. The first module of 3.8 Mtpa commences production in Q3 2021, and the second in Q1 2023. The life-of-mine production scenario provides for 110 million tonnes to be mined at an average grade of 5.22% copper, producing 8.5 million tonnes of high-grade copper concentrate, containing approximately 10.8 billion pounds of copper.
The economic analysis uses a consensus, real long-term copper price of US$3.10/lb. (excluding inflation) and returns an after-tax NPV at an 8% discount rate of US$5.5 billion. It has an after-tax IRR of 77.0% and a payback period of 2.3 years.
The estimated remaining initial capital cost, including contingency, is US$0.65 billion from July 1, 2020. The capital expenditure for off-site power, which is included in the remaining initial capital cost, includes advances to the DRC state-owned electricity company, Société Nationale d’Electricité (SNEL), to upgrade two hydropower plants (Koni and Mwadingusha) to provide the Kamoa-Kakula Project with access to clean electricity for its planned operations. The hydro-power upgrading work is being led by Stucky Ltd., of Renens, Switzerland, and the advance payments will be recovered by Kamoa-Kakula through a reduction in the power tariffs paid.
Aerial picture of the Mwadingusha hydro-electric dam and power plant, with the new installed penstocks. Mwadingusha will soon be delivering 72 megawatts (MW) of clean, sustainable hydro-electricity to the national grid. The Kakula Mine is scheduled to be energized with permanent, 220-kilovolt (kV), hydro-generated power from the national grid in early 2021.
Expanded 19-Mtpa development scenario for the Kakula and Kamoa deposits
The Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA also assesses an additional development option of mining several deposits on the Kamoa-Kakula Project as an integrated, 19-Mtpa mining, processing and smelting complex, built in multiple stages. This scenario envisages the construction and operation of three separate mines: first, an initial 6-Mtpa mining operation would be established at the Kakula Mine on the Kakula Deposit; this is followed by a subsequent, separate 6-Mtpa mining operation at the Kansoko Mine, where two crews are working already; a third 6-Mtpa mine then will be established at the Kakula West Mine, in addition to a fourth initial mine in the Kamoa North area operating initially at 1 Mtpa. The processing plant is constructed in five modules of 3.8 Mtpa, with an ultimate capacity of 19 Mtpa.
As the resources at the Kakula, Kansoko and Kakula West mines are mined out, production would begin sequentially at five other mines in the Kamoa North area to maintain throughput of 19 Mtpa to the then existing concentrator and smelter complex, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Each mining operation is expected to be a separate underground mine with a shared processing facility and surface infrastructure located at Kakula. Material will be transported to the Kakula processing complex by a system of overland conveyors. Included in this scenario is the construction of a direct-to-blister copper smelter with a capacity of one million tonnes of copper concentrate per annum.
The Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA is preliminary in nature and includes an economic analysis that is based, in part, on Inferred Mineral Resources. Inferred Mineral Resources are considered too speculative geologically for the application of economic considerations that would allow them to be categorized as Mineral Reserves – and there is no certainty that the results will be realized. Mineral Resources do not have demonstrated economic viability and are not Mineral Reserves.
Ultra-high-grade drill core, comprised almost entirely of chalcocite, from a hole drilled at Kamoa North. Kamoa North is an important source of high-grade ore in Kamoa-Kakula’s expanded 19 Mtpa development scenario. Chalcocite has the greatest percentage of copper of all the common sulphide-copper-bearing minerals ─ almost 80% copper by weight.
Summary of the PEA’s key results for the 19-Mtpa development scenario
Very-high-grade initial phase projected to have a grade of 6.8% copper in the first year of production and an average grade of 5.1% copper during the first 10 years of operations, resulting in estimated average annual copper production of 501,000 tonnes.
Recovered copper production is estimated at805,000 tonnes in year 8, which would rank the Kamoa-Kakula Project as the second largest copper producer in the world.
Remaining initial capital cost, including contingency, is US$0.71 billion, with subsequent expansions at Kansoko, Kakula West, and other mining areas, as well as the smelter, to be fundedbycash flows from the Kakula Mine.
Average total cash costs of US$1.07/lb. copper during the first 10 years, including sulphuric acid credits.
After-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of US$11.1 billion.
After-tax IRR of 56.2% and a payback period of 3.6 years.
Kamoa-Kakula Project 2020 Mineral Reserve
Classification | Ore (Mt) | Copper (%) | Copper | Copper |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(Contained Mlb) | (Contained kt) | |||
Proven Kakula Mineral Reserve | – | – | – | – |
Probable Kakula Mineral Reserve | 110 | 5.22 | 12,665 | 5,745 |
Proven Kansoko Mineral Reserve | – | – | – | – |
Probable Kansoko Mineral Reserve | 125 | 3.81 | 10,525 | 4,774 |
Proven Kamoa-Kakula Mineral Reserve | – | – | – | – |
Probable Kamoa-Kakula Mineral Reserve | 235 | 4.47 | 23,190 | 10,519 |
Notes to accompany Kamoa-Kakula Project 2020 Mineral Reserve table:
The real long term copper price used for calculating the financial analysis is US$3.10/lb. The analysis has been calculated with assumptions for smelter refining and treatment charges, deductions and payment terms, concentrate transport, metallurgical recoveries, and royalties.
For mine planning, the copper price used to calculate block model Net Smelter Returns (NSRs) was US$3.00/lb. for Kansoko and US$3.10/lb. for Kakula.
An elevated cut-off of US$100.00/t NSR was used to define the stoping blocks. A marginal cut-off of US$80.00/t NSR was used to define ore and waste.
Indicated Mineral Resources were used to report Probable Mineral Reserves.
Tonnage and grade estimates include dilution and recovery allowances.
The Mineral Reserves reported above are not additive to the Mineral Resources.
Consolidated Kamoa and Kakula 2020 Mineral Resources
In February 2020, Trans Africa announced an updated Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource estimate for the Kamoa Deposit that includes resources in the new Kamoa North Bonanza Zone and the Kamoa Far North Zone. The new Kamoa Mineral Resource estimate has an effective date of January 30, 2020 and was prepared by George Gilchrist, Trans Africa Mines’ Vice President, Mineral Resources, under the direction of Gordon Seibel, RM SME, of the Wood Group (formerly Amec Foster Wheeler), of Reno, USA , and is reported in accordance with the 2014 CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. Mr. Seibel is the Qualified Person for the estimate.
The project’s geological team also updated the Mineral Resource estimate for the Kakula Deposit. This updated estimate has an effective date of November 2018. Effective January 30, 2020, the total, combined Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources for the Kamoa-Kakula Project is shown in Table 8. Tables showing the Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources separately for the Kamoa and Kakula deposits, as well as the sensitivity of Mineral Resources to cut-off grade, are shown in the appendices to this release.
Table 8. Total Kamoa and Kakula Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource (at 1% total copper cut-off grade).
Deposit | Category | Tonnes | Area | Copper Grade | Vertical Thickness | Contained Copper | Contained Copper |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kamoa | Indicated | 760 | 55.2 | 2.73 | 5.0 | 20,800 | 45.8 |
Inferred | 235 | 21.8 | 1.70 | 4.0 | 4,010 | 8.8 | |
Kakula | Indicated | 627 | 21.7 | 2.74 | 10.3 | 17,200 | 37.9 |
Inferred | 104 | 5.6 | 1.61 | 6.7 | 1,680 | 3.7 | |
Total Kamoa-Kakula Project | Indicated | 1,387 | 77.0 | 2.74 | 6.5 | 38,000 | 83.7 |
Inferred | 339 | 27.4 | 1.68 | 4.5 | 5,690 | 12.5 |
Notes to accompany the total, combined Kamoa and Kakula January 2020 Mineral Resource table:
Trans Africa’s Vice President, Resources, George Gilchrist, a Fellow of the Geology Society of South Africa and Professional Natural Scientist (Pr. Sci. Nat) with the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP), estimated the Kamoa Mineral Resources under the supervision of Gordon Seibel, a Registered Member (RM) of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), an employee of Wood Group, who is the Qualified Person for the Mineral Resource estimate. The effective date of the estimate is January 30, 2020 and the cut-off date for drill data is January 20, 2020. Mineral Resources are estimated using the CIM 2014 Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources are reported inclusive of Mineral Reserves on a 100% basis.
Mineral Resources are reported using a total copper (TCu) cut-off grade of 1% TCu and a minimum vertical thickness of 3 m. There are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction under assumptions of a copper price of US$3.00/lb, employment of underground mechanized room-and-pillar and drift-and-fill mining methods, and that copper concentrates will be produced and sold to a smelter. Mining costs are assumed to be US$27/t. Concentrator, tailings treatment, and general and administrative costs (G&A) are assumed to be US$17/t. Metallurgical recoveries are expected to average 84% (86% for hypogene and 81% for supergene). At a 1% TCu cut-off grade, assumed net smelter returns for 100% of Mineral Resource blocks will cover processing, tailings treatment and G&A costs.
Reported Mineral Resources contain no allowances for hanging wall or foot wall contact boundary loss and dilution. No mining recovery has been applied.
Depth of mineralization below the surface ranges from 10 m to 1,320 m for Indicated Mineral Resources and 20 m to 1,560 m for Inferred Mineral Resources.
Approximate drill-hole spacings are 800 m for Inferred Mineral Resources and 400 m for Indicated Mineral Resources.
The average dip of the deposit within the Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource outlines is 12.7 degrees. Vertical thickness approximates true thickness at Kamoa.
Rounding as required by reporting guidelines may result in apparent summation differences between tonnes, grade and contained metal content.
Trans Africa’s Vice President, Resources, George Gilchrist, a Fellow of the Geology Society of South Africa and Professional Natural Scientist (Pr. Sci. Nat) with the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP), estimated the Kakula Mineral Resources under the supervision of Gordon Seibel, a Registered Member (RM) of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), an employee of Wood Group, who is the Qualified Person for the Mineral Resources. The effective date of the estimate for Kakula is November 10, 2018, and the cut-off date for the drill data is November 1, 2018. Mineral Resources are estimated using the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Reserves (2014) and reported on a 100% basis. Mineral Resources are reported inclusive of Mineral Reserves on a 100% basis.
Mineral Resources are reported using a total copper (TCu) cut-off grade of 1% TCu and an approximate minimum thickness of 3 m. There are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction under assumptions of a copper price of US$3.00/lb, employment of underground, mechanized, room-and-pillar and drift-and-fill mining methods, and that copper concentrates will be produced and sold to a smelter. Mining costs are assumed to be US$42/t. Concentrator, tailings treatment and general and administrative (G&A) costs are assumed to be US$18/t. Metallurgical recovery is assumed to average 85%. Trans Africa is studying reducing mining costs using a controlled convergence room-and-pillar method. At a 1% TCu cut-off grade, assumed net smelter returns for 100% of Mineral Resource blocks will cover concentrator, tailings treatment and G&A costs.
Reported Mineral Resources contain no allowances for hanging wall or footwall contact boundary loss and dilution. No mining recovery has been applied.
Approximate drill-hole spacings are 800 m for Inferred Mineral Resources and 400 m for Indicated Mineral Resources.
The average dip of the deposit within the Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource outlines is 17.8 degrees. Vertical thickness approximates true thickness at Kakula.
Rounding as required by reporting guidelines may result in apparent differences between tonnes, grade and contained metal content.
Tonnes and grades were calculated for the mining blocks, and allowances for unplanned dilution and mining recovery were applied to estimate the Mineral Reserve Statement.
